<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<rss version="2.0">
<channel>
<title>国际人internationalperson.com</title>
<link>http://internationalperson.com/space/</link>
<description>Practice Chinese,Practice English</description>
<generator>Oblog 3.0</generator>
<webMaster>admin@163.com</webMaster>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[学英语]]></title>
<link>http://internationalperson.com/space/u/vickeychoi/1641.html</link>
<author>vickeychoi</author>
<pubDate>2009-4-27 9:15:00</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[#isubb#Hello, everyone. Welcome to the English grammar lecture series.
欢迎大家参加英语语法系列讲座。
First, I’d like to ask you a question: “What is the most difficult thing for you in learning English?”
对你来说，学习英语最大的困难是什么？
对于这个问题，许多同学的回答是“语法”。中国学生为什么容易犯英语语法错误，从而觉得英语语法难学，甚至对之产生某种恐惧心理呢？这主要有两个原因:
一是汉语的语法相对简单，而中国学生在学习英语时习惯用汉语进行思维，在运用英语时套用汉语的语法；
二是对于英语语言的接触和分析不够:学习英语要多阅读、多听，对于一个英语句子，要分析其所以然，这样就能找到英语语言的规律。
每种语言都有它的难点。汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言，汉字很难写，而且有四种声调。其实，许多接触过多种外语的人都认为，英语的语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单，是最容易学的。著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过，语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。因此，学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。希望大家对英语语法充满信心，对学好英语充满信心。
下面我们从英语语法的难点和核心？动词？开始英语语法的学习。

一、 英语动词的时态

（一）英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异:
英语的词类与汉语的不同。汉语词类形态稳定，比如“书”这个字，“一本书”、“三本书”都一样，没有词形变化。英语就不同了，book, books仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。
动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。有人说，学好英语就是学好动词，此言甚是。同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在，表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式，这就是时态。
例如:在“中国是个伟大的国家。”和“中国曾经是世界上最伟大的国家。”这两句话当中，汉语的“是”没有变化，而是用“曾经”这个词来表达时间的不同。
China is a great country.中国是个伟大的国家。
China was the greatest country in the world.中国曾经是世界上最伟大的国家。
在这几句中，动词be的形态变了，表示的时间变了，但意义没有变化。
再如，“他经常帮助我。”“他昨天帮助我了。”和“他一直在帮助我。”这三句话当中，汉语的“帮助”没有任何变化，而是用“经常”、“一直”和“昨天”分别表达出时间的区别。英语就不同，它必须用动词本身的形态变化来完成任务。
He often helps me.他经常帮助我。
He helped me yesterday.他昨天帮助我了。
He has been helping me.他一直在帮助我。
在这几句中，动词help的形态变了，表示的时间变了，但意义没有变化。

（二）英语动词的形式:
英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此，了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式:
(1) 动词原形:动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时，情态动词之后，或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。
(2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式（简称现单三）:主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。
(3) 过去式:主要用于一般过去时。
(4) 现在分词:主要用于进行时态，或语法规定的其他情况。
(5) 过去分词:主要用于完成时态，或语法规定的其他情况。
这里提到的“语法规定的其他情况”我们在以后的讲座中会详细介绍。
下面把这些动词形式的构成说明一下。
动词一般现在时第三人称单数（现单三）的构成，见下表:
     词尾变化（规律与名词变复数相同，读音也与名词复数相同） 举例 
一般加-s Help---helps; read---reads 
在ch, sh, s, x 或元音字母o后面加-es Do, fix, pass, push, teach ---does, fixes, passes, pushes, teaches 
以辅音字母加y结尾的词，变y为i再加-es Try, study --- tries, stuides 

与名词变复数形式相同，读音也相同。
动词过去式和过去分词，大多数是动词原形+ ed 构成，这是规则动词。规则动词的拼写和读音规则如下表:
词尾变化 举例 词尾读音 
动词后面加-ed Help---helped Work---worked
Watch---watched 清辅音之后读[t] 
Want---wanted need---needed [t] ,[d]之后读[t] 
Turn---turned  play--played 元音和浊辅音（[d]除外）之后读[d] 
以不发音的“e”结尾的词，加-d Love---loved
Serve---served 
结尾是辅音字母+y时，y变i，再加-ed Study---studied
Try---tried 
结尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，双写辅音字母再加-ed Stop---stopped
Drop---dropped 清辅音之后读[t] 

不规则动词的过去式和过去分词有其特殊变化形式，需要个别记忆，同时也要善于发现不规则中的规则，即某些字母组合的不规则动词有一定的规律。如:weep→wept, sleep→slept, sweep→swept
现在分词一律由动词原形加-ing构成，规则如下表:
词尾变化 举例 
一般加-ing Look---looking, try---trying 
以不发音的e结尾的词，去掉e，再加-ing Write---writing, dance---dancing 
以一个辅音字母（x除外）词尾的重读闭音节词，先双写词尾的辅音字母，再加-ing Begin---beginning, swim---swimming,
Run---running, sit---sitting 
以-ie结尾的词，变ie为y，再加-ing Die---dying, lie---lying 

为了学习的方便，人们把时间分为四个阶段:“现在、过去、将来、过去将来”。英语动词所表示的动作在以上每个时间段中分别有四种状态:一般、进行、完成和完成进行。因此我们便有了四四一十六个时态。
不同的时态有不同的变化形式。以do 为例，列表如下:
时态 一般 进行 完成 完成进行 
现在时 Does; do Am/is/are+doing Has/have+done Has/have+been doing 
过去时 Did Was/were+doing Had done Had been doing 
将来时 Shall/will+do Shall/will be +doing Shall/will have + done Shall/will+have been doing 
过去将来时 Should/would/+do Would/should+be doing Should/would + have done Would/should + have been doing 

“时态”就是通过动词的形态变化，来表达动作发生的时间（现在、过去、将来、过去将来）及所处的状态（一般、进行、完成、完成进行）。
比如在“They are doing their exercises.”这个句子中，动词由原形do 变成are doing 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于正在进行的状态当中，所以叫现在进行时；
在“They have done their exercises.”这句中，动词由原形do 变成have done的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于完成的状态，所以叫现在完成时；
在“They always do their exercises.”中，动词用原形do 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并且是一般情况下永远如此，所以叫一般现在时。
在这三句话中，动词do 虽然用了不同的形态，其意义没有变化，而是事情发生的时间和状态变了。其余类推。
16个时态中，常用的有12个:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。其他时态很少单独使用。

下面我们把各种时态的构成和用法做一个全面的介绍。
1、一般现在时
（1）构成:通常以动词原形表示。主语为第三人称单数时，用现单三形式。
动词be和have(表示“拥有”)各人称的单数形式为:
  第一人称单数 第二人称单数 第三人称单数 
Have Have Have Has 
Be Am Are is 

一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:
动词be 与 have（表示“拥有”）:否定式直接把not放在动词之后，疑问式直接把动词放在主语之前，见下表:
否定式 疑问式 
Be Have Be Have 
I am not (I’m not)… I have not (haven’t)… Am i…? Have i…? 
You are not (aren’t)… You have not (haven’t)… Are you…? Have you…? 
He is not (isn’t)… He has not (hasn’t)… Is he …? Has he …? 

动词be 的否定疑问式和简单回答:
否定疑问式 肯定回答 否定回答 
Am I not (aren’t i)…? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t 
Are you not (aren’t you)…? Yes, I am. No, I’m not. 
Is he not (isn’t he)…? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t 

动词be 与 have(表示“拥有”):否定式直接把not放在动词之后，疑问式直接把动词放在主语之前，见下表:
否定式 疑问式 
Be Have Be Have 
I am not (I’m not)… I have not (haven’t)… Am i…? Have I …? 
You are not (aren’t)… You have not (haven’t)… Are you …? Have you…? 
He is not (isn’t)… He has not (hasn’t)… Is he …? Has he …? 

动词have(表示“拥有”) 的否定疑问式和简单回答:
否定疑问式 肯定回答 否定回答 
Have I not (haven’t i)…? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t. 
Have you not (haven’t you)…? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t. 
Has he not (hasn’t he)…? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t. 

注意:have 作为行为动词则只能按照行为动词的规则变化。
行为动词（以study为例）一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答（注意要加助动词do/does）
否定式 疑问式 
I do not (don’t) study Do I study 
You do not (don’t) study Do you study 
He does not (doesn’t) study Does he study 


否定疑问句式 简单回答（肯定/否定） 
Do I not (Don’t I) study…? Yes, I do. No, I don’t. 
Do you not (Don’t you) study…? Yes, you do. No, you don’t. 
Does he not (Doesn’t he) study…? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t. 

（2）用法:
1）一般现在时表示现状、性质、状态和经常的或习惯性的动作。
He has an uncle.他有个叔叔。
Autumn follows summer.夏天之后是秋天。
It is fine today.今天天气好。
You look pale.你脸色苍白。
He is good at music.他擅长音乐。
He knows a lot of English.他英语懂的很多。
这些动词可与often, usually, always, sometimes, every day, once a week, on Sundays, never 等表示经常性或习惯性的时间状语连用。例如:
Do you often go to the cinema? 你经常去看电影吗？
He always helps others. 他总是帮助别人。
Tom does not study as hard as Jane. 汤姆在学习方面不如简努力。
My father never takes a bus; he walks to his office.我父亲从来不坐公共汽车，他走着去上班。
2）一般现在时表示客观现实或普遍真理。
Japan lies to the east of China. 日本在中国的东边。
The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。
A horse is a useful animal. 马是一种有用的动物。
Water boils at 100℃. 水在摄氏一百度时沸腾。
October 1st is our National Day. 十月一日是我们的国庆节。
When Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？（英国浪漫主义诗人雪莱的名句。）
Beauty is truth, truth beauty. 美即真理，真理即美。（英国浪漫主义诗人济慈的名句。）
3）少数动词如go, come, leave, arrive, begin, start, be 等的一般现在时可以表示按规定、计划或安排预计要发生的事情。
The plane takes off at six past five. 飞机将于六点零五分起飞。
Tomorrow is Sunday. 明天是星期天。
Our summer vacation begins in early July. 我们的暑假七月初开始。
4）在时间和条件状语从句中可用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from him.
我一接到他的信就告诉你。
He’ll go if it is fine tomorrow.  如果明天天气好，他就去。
I shall be away when he arrives.  等他到了我就不在了。
We shall not begin the discussion until he arrives. 等他来了，我们再开始讨论。
5）在某些以here, there 开头的句子中用一般现在时表示现在发生的动作。
Here comes the bus.  汽车来了。
There goes the bell.  铃响了。
Here they come.  他们来了。
6）在进行体育比赛过程中解说员叙述迅速、短暂动作时，可用一般现在时表示正在进行的或刚刚发生的动作。例如:
Bater passes the ball to Yao Ming. Yao shoots？A fine shot! 巴特尔把球传给姚明，姚明投篮，好球！
7）在戏剧、电影等的剧本或图片的说明文字中，可用一般现在时表示动作。例如:
When the curtain rises, Juliet is sitting at her desk. The phone rings. She picks it up and listens quietly. 幕启，朱丽叶坐在桌旁。电话铃响，她拿起听筒，静静地听着。

Now please translate the following sentences into English:
1）见到你我很高兴。
I am very glad to see/meet you.
2）李华只懂一点英语。
Li Hua only knows a little English.
3）他们每天晚上看电视。
They watch TV every evening.
4）我坐飞机走，明天早晨六点到那里。
I leave by air and arrive there at six tomorrow morning.
5）你多久给你的母亲写一封信？
How often do you write to your mother? 
6）你的朋友看起来很年轻。
Your friend looks very young.
7）汤姆经常在床上看书。
Tom often reads in bed.
8）你在发音方面有困难吗？
Do you have any trouble with pronunciation? 

2、现在进行时
（1）构成:由助动词be ＋ 现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化，有三种形式:第一人称单数用am, 第三人称单数用is, 其他用are。
现在进行时的否定式是:直接在助动词be后面加上not；疑问式是:把助动词be提到主语之前。以study 为例:
否定式 疑问式 
I am not studying Am I studying? 
You are not studying, Are you studying? 
He is not studying. Is he studying? 

（2）用法:
1）现在进行时表示说话时正在发生或进行着的动作。例如:
I am writing a letter. 我正在写信。
They are learning English. 他们正在学习英语。
Is it raining now? 现在下雨吗？
有时表示现阶段正在进行而说话时不一定正在进行的动作。例如:
More and more people are paying attention to their health.
越来越多的人在关注健康。
He is translating a novel.  他在翻译一本小说。
2）有些动词，如come, go, leave, return, arrive, begin, start等，它们的现在进行时可表示不远的将来要发生的事情。例如:
Flight 1095 is landing soon.  第1095号航班马上要着陆了。
I know the end is coming.  我知道马上就要结束了。
Mary is coming back from her visit to Shanghai. 玛丽很快就要从上海访问回来了。
3）现在进行时常与always, continually, constantly 等副词连用，表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作。这种用法常表示说话人的某种感情，如赞扬、遗憾、讨厌或不满等。例如:
He is always asking questions.  他老爱提问题。
You are always saying that sort of thing.  你老爱说那样的话。
She is always complaining.  她总是喜欢抱怨。
4）在一定的上下文中，后一句的动词谓语用现在进行时与前一句的一般现在时相配合，可用以体现原因、结果、目的等意味。即前一句用一般现在时动词谓语表述现在发生的事实，而后一句用现在进行时动词谓语来阐明这一事实的原因、结果、目的等。例如:
He frowns. He is worrying about his boy. 他皱着眉头，因为他在为他的孩子担心。
She criticizes him. She is trying to correct his bad habits. 她批评他，想纠正他的坏习惯。
She lets her child have his own way. She is spoiling him. 她不管她的孩子。这是在把他惯坏了。（结果）

翻译练习:
1）新生下星期到。
The new students are arriving next week.
2）那边出了什么事？
What is happening over there?
3）那辆汽车怎么停在门外？
Why is that car parking (stopping) outside the gate?
4）他们正在看电视里的足球赛。
They are watching a football match on television.
5）他老爱开玩笑。
He is always joking.
6）我们从国外进口机器，我们在学习新的科学技术。
We import machines from abroad; we are learning new science and technology.

3、现在完成时
（1）构成:现在完成时由助动词have + 过去分词构成，助动词have 有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用has，其余用have.
现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。以study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:
否定式 疑问式 
I have not (haven’t) studied…. Have I studied…? 
You have not (haven’t) studied…. Have you studied…? 
He has not (hasn’t) studied…. Has he studied…? 


否定疑问式 简单回答（肯定/否定） 
Have I not (Haven’t i) studied…? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t. 
Have you not (Haven’t you) studied…? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t. 
Has he not (Hasn’t he) studied…? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t. 

（2）用法:
1）现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。而一般过去时也表示动作已经完成，但强调的是过去发生了某一动作这样一个事实。有的同学觉得这种说法比较难以理解，因为任何过去的动作对现在都有影响，很难判断用一般过去时或现在完成时。事实上，这种说法没有把现在完成时与一般过去时的根本区别说清楚。如果没有说明动作发生的具体时间，则一般用现在完成时；如果说明了动作发生的具体时间，带有表示过去的时间状语，则用一般过去时。例如:
  My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。
  I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。
  She has arrived. 她到了。
2）表示持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如today, these days, recently, now, lately, for…, since…, in the last/past two weeks/years/days/months, just 等。如:
  I haven’t heard from her these days.  这些日子我没有收到她的信。
  We haven’t seen you recently.  最近我们没有见到你。
  They have been away for two years.  他们离开已经两年了。
  She has been with us since Monday.
她从星期一就一直和我们在一起。
注意:
1）表示短暂意义的动词如open, go, come, die, arrive, leave, lose, fall等，在完成时当中不能和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此，不能说:
×He has come here for 2 weeks.
×The old man has died for 4 months.
×They have left only for 5 minutes.
以上三句话可以改为:
It’s two weeks since he came here. He has been here for 2 weeks.
It’s 4 months since the old man died.
They have been away only for 5 minutes
2）have (has) been 和have (has) gone的区别:表示“曾到过某地”要用 “have (has) been”; 表示“已经去某地”要用 “have (has) gone”。试比较:
Where has he been?  他刚才到哪里去了？（已经回来了）
Where has he gone?  他上哪儿去了？（人不在）
They have been to Canada. 他们到过加拿大。（现在已经不在加拿大）
They have gone to Canada. 他们到加拿大去了。（可能在路上和已经到加拿大）.
3）现在完成时不能和明确指出时间的状语，如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in 等连用， 但可以和不明确指出时间的状语，如already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever, never等连用。例如:
She has already come.  她已经来了。
I haven’t read it yet.  我还没读过这个。
I have met him before.  我从前曾见过他。
Ma Hong has always been a good student.  马红一直是个好学生。
I have often seen him in the street.  我经常在街上看见他。
They have never been to Yan’an.  他们从未去过延安。
I haven't seen him lately.  我近来没看到他。

翻译练习:
1）他们已经答复了我们的信。
They have already answered our letter.
2）自去年以来我就未遇见过王英。
I haven’t met Wang Ying since last year.
3）他刚把他的名字告诉我。
He has just told me his name.
4）你到过杭州吗？ 到过。我一个月以前去过那里。我去过两三次。
Have you ever been to Hangzhou? Yes, I have. I went there a month ago. I have been there two or three times.
5）他在海外住了很长时间了。
He has lived abroad for a very long time.

4、现在完成进行时
（1）构成:第三人称单数由has been + 动词的现在分词；其他人称和数由have been + 动词的现在分词。
（2）用法:
1）表示动作从过去开始一直延续到现在，可能刚刚终止，也可能仍然在进行。
I’ve been waiting for you since eight o’clock in the morning. 我从早上8点钟一直在等你。
It has been raining for three hours.  雨一直下了三个小时了。
What book have you been reading recently? 最近你一直在读什么书？
2）有些动词不能用于现在进行时，如be, have, like, love, know, see, hear等，这些词同样也不能用于现在完成进行时。如:
I haven’t seen you for ages.  我好久没见到你了。
I have loved her for a long time.  我一直爱她。
I have known him for a long time. 我认识他很久了。   
3）现在完成时表示到现在为止已经完成的动作，强调结果；而现在完成进行时强调动作的持续性，强调“一直”，往往表示动作仍未结束。如:
I have been reading this novel.  我一直在读这本小说。（我仍然在读）
I have read two novels. 我已读过两本小说。（可能刚读过，也可能很久以前读的）
I have been writing letters.  我一直都在写信。
I have written three letters.  我已经写完三封信了。
Now we have cleaned the room, we can move the things in. 既然我们已经打扫完房间，我们可以把东西搬进来了。
We’ve been cleaning the classroom, but we haven’t finished yet. 我们一直在打扫教室，但还没干完。

翻译练习:
1）你整个早晨在学习什么？
What have you been studying all the morning?
2）你已经参加过期末考试了吗？
Have you taken your final examination?
3）学生们一直在为高考准备功课。
The students have been preparing their lessons for the college entrance examination.
4）我们从小就认识。
We have known each other since childhood. 
5）1949年以来，王先生一直在这所学校教物理。
Mr. Wang has been teaching physics in this school since 1949.
6）雨一直下了一个星期。
It has been raining for a week.]]></description>
</item><item>
<title><![CDATA[六：被动语态]]></title>
<link>http://internationalperson.com/space/u/vickeychoi/1640.html</link>
<author>vickeychoi</author>
<pubDate>2009-3-30 15:58:00</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[#isubb#英语语法六：被动语态(2009-03-22 13:16:49)标签：音乐 被动语态 主动句 被动句 杂谈   分类：English 


现在范畴 一般现在时 am/is/are made 
现在进行时 am / is /are being made 
现在完成时 has/have been made 
过去范畴 一般过去时 was/were made 
过去进行时 was/werebeingmade 
过去完成时 had been made 
将来范畴 一般将来时 shall/will be made 
将来完成时 shall/will have been made 
过去将来时 should/would be made 
过去将来完成时 should/would have been made 

1. 被动语态的各种时态

　　被动语态（The Passive Voice）是动词的一种形式，表示主语是谓语动词的承受者。被动语态便于论述客观事实，故常用于科技文章、新闻报道、书刊介绍以及景物描写。被动语态没有将来进行时、过去将来进行时和完成进行时形式。

(1) 一般现在时的被动语态
I am not so easily deceived. 我不会轻易上当受骗的。
Computers are widely used in the world.
计算机在世界范围内得到广泛应用。

(2) 一般过去时的被动语态
The car was seriously damaged. 汽车受到严重损坏。
Printing was introduced into Europe from China.
印刷术是由中国传入欧洲的。

(3) 现在进行时的被动语态
The question is being discussed at the meeting.
这个问题现在正在会上讨论。
The children are being taken care of by their aunt.
孩子们现在正由其姑妈照看。

(4) 过去进行时的被动语态
When I called, tea was being served.
当我来访时，正值上茶之际。
When they arrived， the experiments were being made.
他们到达时，实验正在进行。

(5) 现在完成时的被动语态
The meeting has been put off. 会议已被推迟了。
The party has been planned since the new year.
这次聚会自新年起就已筹划了。

(6) 过去完成时的被动语态
By the end of last month,he had been robbed at least three times.
到上月底，他已被抢了至少三次。

(7) 将来完成时的被动语态
It is said that the building will have been completed before September.
据说大楼将于九月前竣工。
This class will have been taught by Mr Brown for two years by next summer.
到明年夏天，布朗先生在这两个班执教已有两年了。

2. 含有情态动词的被动语态

Water mustn't be wasted. 绝不能浪费水。
Electric energy can be changed into light enery.
电能可以转变成光能。
Cross the road very carefully. Look both ways, or you might be knocked down.
过马路时要特别小心，要往两边看，不然会被撞倒。

3. Get+过去分词构成的被动语态

　　Get＋过去分词也可以构成被动语态，用这种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本身。如：
the man got hurt on his way home. 那个男人在回家的路上受伤了。
Mary is going to get married. 玛丽准备结婚了。
How did the glass get broken? 杯子怎么破了？

4. 短语动词的被动语态

(1) 动词+介词
This matter has been talked about recently.
这件事近来一直被谈论着。
Such a thing has never been heard of before.
这样的事从未被听说过。
The old man was looked after carefully. 那位老人被精心照顾着。
He has never been listened to. 人家从不听他的话。

(2) 动词+副词
The sports meeting was put off. 运动会被推迟了。
A short play will be put on by them at the party.
一个短剧将要由他们在晚会上演出。
What he said must be thought over. 他说的话必须仔细思考。

(3) 其他短语动词
Privileges must be done away with. 特权必须被取消。
The light has just been turned off. 灯刚被关上。
Their plans are being carried out. 他们的计划正在执行中。

5. “主+动+宾+宾补”句型变为被动结构

　　这种句型有两个宾语，一般地说一为间接宾语，一为直接宾语。变为被动结构时，只将主动结构中的一个宾语变为被动结构中的主语，另一宾语不变。
We call him Xiao Wang. 我们叫他小王。（主动句）
He was called Xiao Wang. 他被叫做小王。（被动句）
He painted the table green. 他把桌子漆成了绿色。（主动句）
The table was painted green. 桌子被漆成了绿色。（被动句）

6. “主+动+that从句”句型的被动句

　　有些以that从句作宾语的主动句可以转换成两种形式的被动句。如：
People say that he is the richest man in the city.
人们说他是全市头号富翁。
→It is said that he is the richest man in the city.
据说他是全市头号富翁。
→He is said to be the richest man in the city.
据说他是全市头号富翁。
　　当说话人认为主动句的主语无关紧要，或者不清楚谁是谓语动作的发出者时，便常常使用上述形式的被动句。如：
It was reported that the boy had been found.
据报道，男孩已被找到。
The boy was reported to have been found.
据报道，男孩已被找到。
　　常用于上述被动句型的动词有：acknowledge, assume, believe, claim, consider, declare, estimate, expect, find, know, presume, report, say, think等。

7. 含有被动意义的主动语态

　　英语中有一些表示被动意义的主动句，其谓语所表示的不是主语的动作，而是其内在的性能。这种句子的特点是：主语为无生命名词，谓语动词为一般现在时；肯定句必须带方式状语；否定句的谓语可以带情态动词。如：
She is to blame. 她应该受到责备。
The house is to rent. 这个房子要出租。
Food can keep fresh in a fridge. 食物放在冰箱里能保鲜。
The pen writes smoothly. 这支钢笔很好写。
The cloth feels soft. 这布摸上去很柔软。

]]></description>
</item><item>
<title><![CDATA[四：数词]]></title>
<link>http://internationalperson.com/space/u/vickeychoi/1639.html</link>
<author>vickeychoi</author>
<pubDate>2009-3-30 15:57:00</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[#isubb#四：数词 
第一章、数词的种类

 

类 别 例 词 
数词 基 数 词 one，twenty，hundred，thousand，million,three hundred and sixty-seven(367)
thirty-seven thousand six hundred and
fifty-five(37，655) 
序 数 词 first，seventieth，hundredth，fifty-seventh
four thousand six hundred eighty-eighth
(第4，688) 
分 数 3/5（three fifths）
5/11(five elevenths)
(two and four ninths) 
小 数 12.54(twelve point five four)
0.332(zero point three three two)
0.05(zero point zero five) 
  

 基数词和序数词的用法

 1. 基数词的用法

(1) 作定语。如：
There are only three boys in the class. 班上只有3名男生。
Ten people will come to the party. 十个人要来参加聚会。

(2) 作主语。如：
It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number. 据说13是个不吉利的数字。
Three of them will play football. 他们中有三人要去踢足球。

(3) 作宾语。如：
It is worth three hundred. 这件东西值300。
The city has a population of three million. 这个城市有三百万人口。

(4) 作表语。如：
I am eighteen. 我18岁。
Two and two is four. 二加二等于四。

(5) 作同位语。如：
Are you two coming? 你们俩来吗？
They ten will go abroad. 他们十个人将出国。

2. 序数词表示法

(1) 有时序数词前面可加不定冠词来表示“再一”，“又一”这样的意思。如：
We'll have to do it again. 我们得重做一次。
Shall I ask him a third time? 还要再问他一次吗？
When Nash sat down, a fourth man rose to speak.
纳什坐下后，第四个人又起来发言。

(2) 序数词的主要作用
作主语。如：
The first day of May is International Labour Day．五月一日是国际劳动节。
作表语。作表语时，序数词前的定冠词往往省去。如：
Lynd was second last year. 林德去年是第二。
作宾语。如：
He was among the forst to arrive. 他是首批到达的人员之一。
作定语。如：
May is the fifth month of the year. 五月是一年中的第五个月。
作同位语。如：
Who is the woman, the second in the second line? 在第二列第二个的那个妇女是谁？
但要注意：在很多情况下，我们可以用基数词代替序数词来表示顺序。如：
the second part = Part two （第二部分）
the first chapter = Chapter one （第一章）
the fourth section = Section four （第四节）


 
  
 

第二章、小数、分数、百分数和运算符号

1. 小数表示法

(1) 小数的读法
　　小数点左边的数通常按基数词读，若为三位以上的数，也可按编码式读法读出，即将数字单个读出；小数点右边的数通常按编码式读法单个读出。如：
6.86 six point eight six
14.15 fourteen point one five
345.456 three four five point four five six
或three hundred and forty－five point four five six

(2) 小数中“0”的读法
“0”在小数中通常读作nought（英）或zero（美），也可读作字母o。如：
0.08 （nought）point nought eight 或 （zero）point zero eight
9.07 nine point o seven

2. 百分数表示法

百分数中的百分号％读作percent。如：
6% 读作 six percent
0.6% 读作 （nought） point six percent
500% 读作 five hundred percent

3. 倍数表示法

倍数表示方法很多，如：
This room is four times as big as mine. 这个房间是我房间的四倍。
This room is three times larger than that one. 这个房间比那个房间大两倍。
The output of coal has doubled. 煤的产量增加了一倍。
My aunt is as old again as I am. 我姑姑年龄比我大一倍。
Productivity is increased three fold. 生产效率提高了两倍。
The volume of the Sun is about 1,300,000 times that of the Earth.
太阳的体积约为地球的1300000倍。

4. 加减乘除式的读法

6+5＝11 Six plus five is eleven 或 Six and five is eleven. 
11-6＝5 Eleven minus six is five. 或 Six from eleven is five. 
4×5＝20 Four multiplied by five is twenty.或 Four times five is twenty. 
20÷4＝5 Twenty divided by four is five. 或 Four into twenty goes five. 
15:5＝3 The ratio of fifteen to five is three. 
32 Three squared is nine. 
23 Two cubed is eight. 
24 The fourth power of two is sixteen. 
X^(1/2)=Y The square root of X is Y. 
X^(1/3)=Y The cubic root of X is Y. 
a ＞ b a is more than b. 
a ＜ b a is less than b. 
a ≈ b a approximately equals to b. 
a ≠ b a is not equal to b. 

5. 分数表示法

(1) 较小分数的一般读写方法。如：

1/3 one-third 2/3 two-thirds 3/5 three-fifths 

 

(2) 较复杂分数的简明读写方法。如

22/9 twenty-two over nine
a/b a over b 或 a divided by b 43/97 forty-three over ninety-seven 

 

(3) 整数与分数之间须用and连接。如：

four and a half nine and two fifths 

 

(4) 分数用作前置定语时，分母要用单数形式。注意下列写法与读法。如：

a one-third mile　1/3英里 a three-quarter majority　3/4的多数 

 

 
 

第三章、数词的时间、货币和编码

 

1. 时刻表示法

(1) 二十四小时计时法

　　二十四小时计时法通常采用“小时数：分钟数”、“小时数．分钟数”或“小时数分钟数”的形式，如：

01:00 凌晨一点 (ou) one hour或one o'clock 
01:20 凌晨一点二十分 (ou) one twenty或twenty past one 
02:00 凌晨两点 (ou)two hours或two o'clock 
02:10 凌晨两点十分 (ou) two ten或ten past two 
3:05 凌晨三点五分 (ou) three(ou) five 或five past three 
09:45 上午九点四十五 (ou) nine forty－five 或a quarter to ten 
10:15 上午十点一刻 ten fifteen或a quarter past ten 
12:00 中午十二点 twelve hours或midday或noon 
12:45 中午十二点四十五 twelve forty－five或 a quarter to thirteen 
13:00 下午一点 thirteen hours 
15:30 下午三点半 fifteen thirty或half past fifteen 
21:15 晚上九点一刻 twenty one fifteen 
23:00 晚上十一点 twenty-three hours 
23:05 晚上十一点零五分 twenty-three(ou)five 
23:45 晚上十一点四十五分 twenty-three forty-five 
00:00 零点 midnight或zero hour 
00:15 零点十五分 midnight fifteen或zero hour fifteen 
00:30 零点三十分 midnight thirty或zero hour thirty 

(2) 十二小时计时法

　　十二小时计时法通常采用“小时数： 分钟数” 或“小时数．分钟数”的形式，如：8:12或8.12。为了避免误解，通常加上in the morning / a.m.（上午）或in the afternoon p.m.（下午）以示区别。a.m.是拉丁语 ante meridiem的缩写形式，读作/'ei'em /，意思是“上午”， p.m.是拉丁语post meridiem的缩写形式，意思是“下午；晚上”，读作/'pi:'em/。若表示整点钟，可加o'clock，也可不加。如：

8.00 a.m./8：00 a.m. 上午八点
读作：eight a.m. 或 eight in the morning.
8.45 a.m./8：45 a.m. 上午八点四十五
读作：eight forty-five a.m. 或 a quarter to nine in the morning.
2.00 p.m./2：00 p.m. 下午两点
读作：two(o'clock) p.m. 或 two (o'clock) in the afternoon.
3.30 p.m./3:30 p.m. 下午三点半
读作：three thirty p/m. 或 half past three in the afternoon
5.15 p.m./5:15 p.m. 下午五点一刻
读作：five fifteen p.m. 或 a quarter past five in the afternoon.
8.55 p.m./8:55 p.m. 晚上八点五十五
读作：eight fifty-five at night 或 five to nine at night (at night指日落后到半夜零时。）

2. 年月日表示法

(1) 在表示年、月、日时，“年”用基数词，“日”用序数词。如：
June 8, 1946或June eighth 1946：1946年6月8日
year two thousand：2000年
1950's或nineteen fifties： 20世纪50年代
250 B.C. 或two fifty B.C： 公元前250年
240 A.D. 或two forty A.D： 公元后240年

(2) 表示“年”和“月”时，在“年”和“月”前用介词in；表示具体日期时，在“日”前用介词on. 如：
in 2003：在2003年
in July：在七月
on June 24, 1998：在1998年6月24日

3. 英美货币单位表示法

(1) 英镑的符号“￡”放在数字前面，但单位词“pound(s)”放在数字后面。
￡50读作： fifty pounds　50英镑

(2) 便士可用“P”表示，单数为penny，复数为pence， 放在数字后面。
1P读作： one penny　1便士
5P读作： five pence　5便士
￡54.36读作： five-four pounds thirty-six pence　54英镑36便士
They imported nine thousand pounds worth(or value)of tea.
他们进口了价值九千英镑的茶叶。

(3) 美元的符号“$”放在数字前面，但单词“dollars”放在数字后面。
$2.25读作： two dollars twenty-five cents　2美元25美分
$563读作： five hundred sixty-three dollars　563美元
I got the coat for 90 cents. 我花了90美分买了这件衣服。
在借据、文书、帐单等重要文件中，钱数多以英语和阿拉伯数字两种形式写出。如：
I owe you (IOU) two thousand dollars($2，000). 今借到两千美元（$2，000）。

4. 数字的编码式读法

　　编码式读法指将数字逐一按基数词读出的方法。通常门牌号码、房间号码、电话号码、邮政编码、车牌号码及其他专用编码都采用编码式读法。凡采用编码式读法的数字都应在三位以上，两位数字通常按基数词读，如：

Room 34 34号房间 读作： room thirty-four 
extension 2258 2258号分机 读作： double two five eight 
page 518 第518页 读作： page five one eight 
]]></description>
</item><item>
<title><![CDATA[动词的时态]]></title>
<link>http://internationalperson.com/space/u/vickeychoi/1638.html</link>
<author>vickeychoi</author>
<pubDate>2009-3-30 15:56:00</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[#isubb#英语语法五：动词的时态(2009-03-22 13:15:34)标签：音乐 时间状语 to 卡特 杂谈   分类：English 
五：动词的时态 
第一章、动词的时态


时间 一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 完成进行时态 
现在 work
works
一般现在时 am
is working
are
现在进行时 has
have worked
现在完成时 has
have been working
现在完成进行时 
过去 worked
一般过去时 was
were working
过去进行时 had worked
过去完成时 had been working
过去完成进行时 
将来 shall
will work
一般将来时 shall
will be working
将来进行时 shall
will have worked
将来完成时 shall
will have been working
将来完成进行时 
过去将来 should
would work
一般过去将来时 should
would be working
过去将来进行时 should
would have worked
过去将来完成时 should
would have been working
过去将来完成进行时 




动词的现在时
1. 一般现在时

(1) 一般现在时表示经常性的动作或状态
　　一般现在时表示经常性动作或状态时，常与often, always, usually, sometimes, every day等时间状语连用。如：
The shop opens at nine every day. 这家商店每天九点开门。
It seldom snows here. 这儿很少下雪。

(2) 一般现在时表示客观存在或普遍真理
Light travels faster than sound. 光速比声速快。
Food easily goes bad in hot weather. 天气热时食物容易坏。

(3) 一般现在时表示主语的特征或状态
The picture looks very beautiful. 这幅画看起来很美。
Air contains oxygen and nitrogen. 空气含有氧和氮。

(4) 一般现在时在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态
I'll tell her about it as soon as I see her.
When does the train arrive? 火车几点到？

(5) 用于图片说明或剧本中的动作提示和背景说明
INSIDE THE SHELTER: Stockton slowly turns to face his wife. The angry screaming cries of the people ring in their ears even as they depart.
防空洞中：斯道克顿慢慢转过身，面对他的妻子。那群人正在离去，而他们愤怒的尖叫声却还回响在他们的耳边。

(6) 电视节目直播解说
It's Carter to serve- he needs just one more point. He serves. And Smith misses. What a great serve!So the championshipgoes to 19-year-old Harry Carter.
该卡特发球了，他只需再得一分就赢了。他发球了，史密斯接球失误。多漂亮的发球！冠军属于了19岁的哈利-卡特。

2. 现在进行时

(1) 现在进行时表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作
表示现阶段正在进行的动作，通常有表示现阶段的时间状语，如：today, this week, this month, this year, this term,now等。如：
He is writing a novel now. 他目前正在写一部小说。

(2) 现在进行时表示经常性的动作
现在进行时在表示经常性、重复性或习惯性的动作时必须与only, merely, simply, really,fast, rapidly, steadily, forever, all the time, always, constantly, continually, repeatedly等频度副词连用。如：
She is always complaining. 她总是在抱怨。

(3) 现在进行时表示按计划或已安排好要做的事
这一用法只适用于某些动词，如：go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, spend, sail, meet, fly等。如：
The guest is leaving by train tonight. 客人今晚坐火车走。

(4) 补充说明

[1] 在不少情况下，表示正在进行的动作的汉语句子，并没有“正在”这样的字眼，但在译为英语时必须用进行时态。如：
It's raining heavily. 下大雨了。
How is everything going? 事情进展如何？

[2] 有些动词通常不能用进行时。不能用进行时的动词有：
表示感觉或感情的词，如：hear, see, smell, taste, feel, seem, notice, hate, love, like, want, wish, refuse, prefer, forgive等。
表示存在或所属的词，如：exist, stay, remain, obtain, have, own, form, contain等。
表示认识或理解的词，如：understand, know, remember, forget, believe, think, doubt等。

3. 现在完成时

(1) 现在完成时表示从过去持续到现在的动作或状态
现在完成时的这种用法通常与由since或for引导的时间状语连用。如：
The old man have lived here for more than twenty years.
老人已在此住了20多年了。

(2) 现在完成时表示过去发生的对现在有影响的动作

[1] 现在完成时的这种用法有时不带时间状语，有时可以和already, before, ever, just, lately, never, once, recently, yet等一些所指时间不具体的时间状语连用。如：
Have you ever been to Australia? 你去过澳大利亚吗？

[2] 有时现在完成时和now, today, this morning, this week, this year等表示现在的时间状语连用。如：
I haven' t seen him today. 我今天没见过他。
I have seen him only once this year. 我今年只见过他一次。

(3) 现在完成时在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来完成的动作
I'll go to the party as soon as (or when) I have finished my homework.
我完成作业后就去参加聚会。

(4) 现在完成时和until now, so far, in the past few years, up to the present等表示从某时到目前这段时间的状语连用 I have not heard from her so far. 到目前为止，我没有收到过她的信。
We have learned five hundred words up to the present.
到目前为止，我们已学了五百个生词。

但要注意：当意义明确时，适用现在完成时的句子可以不用时间状语。如：
He has done a lot of work. 他干了许多工作。
She has told me about her story. 她跟我讲过她的故事。

4. 现在完成进行时

(1) 现在完成进行时表示从过去一直持续到现在的动作或刚刚结束的动作
I've been writing letters all this morning.
我写了一上午信。（动作不再继续）
O'Neil is ill. He' s been lying in the bed for three weeks.
奥尼尔在病中，已卧床3个星期了。（动作会继续下去）

(2) 现在完成进行时表示从过去到现在的重复性动作
　　现在完成进行时的这种用法所表示的并不是一直在进行的动作，而是断断续续地反复发生的动作。如：
What have you been doing all this time?
你一直都在干什么来着？（动作可能继续下去）
That reporter has been contributing articles to this magazine all these years.
这些年那个记者一直为这家杂志撰稿。（断断续续地反复发生的动作）


 
 

第二章、动词的过去时

1. 一般过去时

(1) 一般过去时表示过去的动作或状态
[1] 一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。
　　与一般过去时连用的时间状语有：yesterday, last night(week, year, month, Sunday),then, at that time, at that moment, just now, a few days(weeks, months, years) ago等。例句：
Lucy turned off all the lights before she went out.
出门前露茜关了所有的灯。

[2] 一般过去时也可以与today, this week(month, year)等时间状语连用，但这些时间状语应指过去。如：
Did you see him today? 你今天见他了吗？（today指今天已过去的某一时刻）

[3] 一般过去时还可以和for或since引导的时间状语连用。如：
I stayed there for two months. 我在那里呆了两个月。
Nothing happened since then. 打那以后什么事都没有发生。

(2) 有时一般过去时的时间状语或是在上下文、或是暗含于句中
Who was that? 那人是谁？
I saw Ker in town. 我在城里看见了克尔。

(3) 一般过去时在时间和条件状语从句中表示过去将来的动作或状态。
Hans said he would let us know if he got any news.
汉斯说要是得到消息就告诉我们。

2. 过去进行时

(1) 过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的动作
[1] 过去进行时通常和时间状语连用。如：
We were having dinner when they came.
他们来的时候，我们正在吃饭。

[2] 过去进行时表示过去某段时间内持续的动作。如：
Carlos was staying at home all last week.
上周整整一周卡洛斯都在家呆着。
They were building a dam last spring. 去年春天他们一直在修一个水坝。

[3] 过去进行时表示与过去某个动作同时发生的动作。如：
I was reading while she was writing. 我在读书，她在写字。

[4] 有时过去进行时用于主句，位于其后的when引导的从句表示意外发生的情况：
I was walking in the street when it began to rain.
我正在街上走着，突然下起了雨。

(2) 过去进行时表示过去将来的动作
　　过去进行时的这种用法多表示过去的打算，通常仅限于come, go, leave, depart, start等一些表示移动的动词。如：
He didn't know whether she was coming. 他不知道她是否会来。
The delegation was departing three days later. 代表团打算三天后动身。

3. 过去完成时

(1) 过去完成时表示过去某时之前结束的动作或状态
When he got there, the train had already left.
他到了那儿时火车已经离开了。
Ina realized she had made a mistake.
艾娜意识到她犯了个错误。

(2) 过去完成时与when等从句连用
　　had+just / barely / hardly / scarcely+done...when..., no sooner...than... 是表示“刚……就……”或“不等……就……”的固定句型。如：
No sooner had we left the house than it began to rain.
我们刚离开家就开始下雨了。
I had not gone much farther before I caught them up.
我没有走多远就赶上他们了。

(3) 过去完成时表示持续到过去某时之前的动作或状态
We had finished the work by nine o'clock yesterday.
昨晚九点前我们已完成了工作。
The company had completed the project by the end of 1999.
到1999年底公司已完成了那个项目。

(4) 过去完成时表示未实现的愿望
　　过去完成时表示未实现的愿望的用法仅限于expect, hope, intend, mean, plan, think,want等动词，过去时间往往由一般过去时表达。如：
I had intended to speak, but time did not permit.
我本想发言，可是时间不允许。
I had hoped you might know. 我本希望你会知道的。

4. 过去完成进行时

过去完成时主要表示持续到过去某时之前的动作。如：
I had been looking for it for days before I found it.
这个东西，我找了好多天才找着。
The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answered.
电话铃响了三分钟才有人接。
He was tired. He'd been working all day.他累了。他工作了一整天。
After he'd been lecturing for half an hour, Professor Brown had a drink of water.
布朗教授讲了半小时课之后，他喝了一点水。


 
 

第三章、动词的将来时

1. 一般将来时

(1) 基本用法
[1] 一般将来时常用来表示将来时间的动作或状况。如：
Helena will be twenty next year. 海伦娜明年就二十岁了。

[2] 一般将来时用于真实条件句和时间状语从句的主句中表示将来的情况。如：
I'll tell you as soon as he comes. 他一来我就告诉你。

[3] 用于条件状语从句表示愿望或意愿。如：
If you will wait for me, I shall come back soon.
如果你愿意等我，我马上就回来。

[4] 一般将来时可用来表示一种倾向或习惯性动作。如：
The shop won't open until nine. 这家商店九点才会开门。
Children will be children. 孩子就是孩子。

(2) be going to ＋动词原形
　　这一结构表示打算或准备好要做的事或有迹象表明要发生的天气变化等情况。如：
What are you going to do during the summer holiday? 你暑假打算做什么？ The train is going to arrive. 火车就要到了。

(3) 现在进行时（be ＋现在分词）
　　有些动词的现在进行时可以表示将要发生的动作，表示按计划或安排即将发生的事。这类动词有：go, come, leave,start, arrive, return, spend, sail, meet, fly等。如：
Annie is coming to supper this evening. 安妮今晚要来吃饭。

(4) be to ＋动词原形
　　这一结构可表示约定、命令或按计划要做的事。如：
When are they to come? 他们什么时候来？
We are to meet at the school gate. 我们约好在校门口见。

(5) be about to ＋动词原形
　　这一结构表示“即将做”或“马上做”的意思。如：
He is about to leave. 他马上就要动身。
The vacation is about to start. 假期即将开始。

2. 将来进行时

　　将来进行时表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作。常表示已安排好之事，给人一种期待感。如：
What will you be doing this time tomorrow?
明天这个时候你将做什么？
The train will be leaving in a second. 火车马上就开。

3. 将来完成时

(1) 将来完成时表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作，往往对将来某一时间产生影响。如：
I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week.
我将在本周末前读完这本书。
Before long,he will have forgotten all about the matter.
过不久，他很快就会把这件事全然忘记。

(2) 将来完成时表示持续到将来某时的动作或状态。如：
By the time he graduates, he will have studied French for four years.
到他毕业的时候，他学法语就满四年了。
By the time Pierce comes back from the meeting, we will have waited here for three hours.
到皮尔斯开会回来的时候，我们已经在这儿等了三个钟头了。

4. 过去将来时

(1) 过去将来时表示过去某时之后将出现的情况，通常用于宾语从句中。如：
I thought he would come. 我以为他会来。
Jenny never imagined that she would become a doctor.
詹妮从没想到自己会当医生。

(2) 表示从过去某时看将要发生的事情。如：
The old lady was fifty-eight then. In two years she would be sixty.
老太太当时五十八岁，再过两年就六十了。
I didn’t think they would have any objection to it.
我想他们不会有什么反对意见。

(3) 表示过去习惯性动作（不管什么人称都用would）。如：
Whenever he had time, Harris would go to see his grandmother.
哈里斯一有时间就去看他奶奶。
Joanna would go for a walk after she had supper.
乔安娜吃完晚饭总要去散步。
]]></description>
</item><item>
<title><![CDATA[高考英语语法：指示代词的用法]]></title>
<link>http://internationalperson.com/space/u/vickeychoi/1637.html</link>
<author>vickeychoi</author>
<pubDate>2009-3-30 11:01:00</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[#isubb#1. 指示代词的用法
　　指示代词(this, that, these, those)在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语。如： 
　　This is yours and that is mine. 这是你的，那是我的。 
　　I want this book, not that book. 我要这本书，不是那本书。 
　　I like these and he likes those. 我喜欢这些，他喜欢那些。 
　　These computers are cheaper. 这些电脑便宜些。 
　　What I want to say is this. 我想说的就是这点。 
　　【注】指示代词用作主语和定语时，可指人或物；用作宾语和表语时，只指物。如在This is my father中，this 用作主语，指人，但是在Do you know this? 中，this用作宾语，此句只能理解为“你知道这个情况吗?”不能理解为“你认识这个人吗?”
　　2. 表替代的that 与 those
　　有时为了避免重复，可用 that 和 those 代替前面提到的名词。如： 
　　The population of China is much larger than that of Japan. 中国人口比日本人口多得多。(that = the population) 
　　His views are close to those of the Socialist Party. 他的观点接近社会党的观点。(those = the views) 
　　3. this 的特殊用法
　　注意以下各句中this 的用法。如： 
　　He will be in Paris this day next week. 下个星期的今天他将在巴黎了。 
　　He will come here this day next month. 他将在下个月的今天来这儿。 
　　比较。如：He got married ten years ago today. 他是10年前的今天结婚的。
]]></description>
</item><item>
<title><![CDATA[玫琳凯化妆品创始人玫琳凯的创业成功之道]]></title>
<link>http://internationalperson.com/space/u/vickeychoi/1636.html</link>
<author>vickeychoi</author>
<pubDate>2009-1-29 13:25:00</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[#isubb#创业语录：
当我们创业时，对于可能遇到的风险早已了如指掌。毫无疑问，我们投下的每一分钱，正式因为他的冒险性，才能激发创新，勤奋和高度的期望。

你愿意别人怎样待你，你也要怎样待别人！

我认为让下属参与对他们有直接影响的决策是很重要的，所以我总是为此甘冒损失时间的风险。如果你希望下属全力支持你，你就必须让他们参与决策，越早越好！

优秀的人才才是公司的重要资产，人才比计划更重要。留住优秀人才才是公司成功的标志。

你研究一下任何一家大型企业都会发现，他们之所以能够发展，兴旺，完全靠的是公司里的人才，首屈一指的公司里有首屈一指的人才。因此，一旦发现了人才，最重要的是要千方百计的加以挽留。

无论你在工作中取得了多么大的成就，如果失去家庭，你终归是失败者。为了金钱牺牲家庭是不值得的。工作只是达到目的的一种手段--- 你可以通过它给家庭带来舒适和稳定。遗憾的是，有些人深深地醉心于工作，而看不到生活中真正重要的东西。

我认为，赞扬是激励下属的最佳方式。也是上下沟通于手段中效果最好的，因为每个人都需要赞扬。只要你认真寻找，会发现许多运用赞扬的机会就在你的面前。

一个能记起热情的平凡主张比一个不能激起热情的非凡高见好得多。因此，经理必须能激起部下的热情。要实现这一目标，经理本人必须首先要有热情。

赞美使人成功，我们每个人都渴望被赞扬。让员工知道你欣赏他们的表现，他们就会表现的更好。赞美是所有激励手段中效果最强大的。

无论你多忙，都必须花时间去使别人感到他们很重要。我一直都牢记这一点。

空气动力工程师曾研究过大黄蜂，认定它的翅膀太细弱，不足以让它过重的身体飞起来。也许，只有也许，我们神圣的造物主轻轻的对它说，你能做到！ 因此它就飞起来了。

我们所有的奖励都是第一流的。尽管这样做花钱很多，但是值得。因为这使我们的人感到自己很重要。例如，我们每年送第一流的销售主管及起配偶去香港，曼谷，伦敦，巴黎，日内瓦，雅典等地旅游。他们买的是头等舱的机票，住的是第一流的豪华饭店。我们毫无吝惜这些费用。


管理人员绝不能在事情尚未完全确定之前轻易作出任何承诺。 一个不能实现的承诺对失望者说是一次蹂躏，这是管理人员绝不能犯的过错。管理人员除非有完全的权利，否则绝不能做承诺。]]></description>
</item><item>
<title><![CDATA[很酷很西工]]></title>
<link>http://internationalperson.com/space/u/yjj1988/1635.html</link>
<author>yjj1988</author>
<pubDate>2009-1-12 17:00:00</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[<P>西安工业大学心声有约协会出品一部幽默+恶搞+立志的优秀DV作品</P>
<P><A href="http://www.xatubbs.com/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=57425">http://www.xatubbs.com/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=57425</A></P>]]></description>
</item><item>
<title><![CDATA[好久不见]]></title>
<link>http://internationalperson.com/space/u/yjj1988/1634.html</link>
<author>yjj1988</author>
<pubDate>2009-1-12 15:40:00</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[<P>&nbsp;</P>
<P>&nbsp;</P>
<P>呵呵,这里有我以前存的一些节目,现在听起来仍然是那稍显幼稚的声音.</P>
<P>还好,还在这里......</P>]]></description>
</item><item>
<title><![CDATA[Visa service for foreign people in China]]></title>
<link>http://internationalperson.com/space/u/apollo/1633.html</link>
<author>apollohu</author>
<pubDate>2008-12-21 3:12:00</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[#isubb#	
We can help your visa in China.

We can extend and switch your visa, especially for L visa to F visa and L visa to Z visa.

L visa=Tourist visa.
F visa=Buisness visa.
Z visa=Work visa.

For L visa to F visa, we need the following documents: your passport , 2 2-inch photos and registration form of temporary residence.

For L visa to Z visa, we need the following documents: work permit, health check, original education degree certificate, degree certificate translation, resume in Chinese,your passport , 2 2-inch photos and registration form of temporary residence.


If you need our sercive ,please tell us what visa do you have, when will your visa expire and what visa do you want to have next? How many entries do you need? one entry? two entry or multiple entry? Which country are you from?

Multi entry means you can leave China and come back for many times without any problem.

Be free to contact us.
Contact: apollo@InterNationalPerson.com
010 8231 0791 or 158 1102 8263]]></description>
</item><item>
<title><![CDATA[Cheap tickets for international flights from China]]></title>
<link>http://internationalperson.com/space/u/apollo/1632.html</link>
<author>apollohu</author>
<pubDate>2008-12-21 3:09:00</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[#isubb#	
We offer cheap tickets for international flights from China to Hongkong, Thailand, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Malaysia,UK, USA, Germany, France and so on.

We can deliver electical tickets to your Email inbox or deliver printed tickets to your home/office.

Our office is located at Wudaokou,Beijing.

Address: 101, Unit 3, Building 3, 15 Wangzhuang Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083
北京市海淀区王庄路15号院三号楼三单元101 100083


Contact Person: Apollo

* E-mail: apollo@InterNationalPerson.com
* Tel: (+86) 10-6231 0791
* Mobile: (+86) 158 1102 8263
* Fax: (+86) 10 5221 4598
* Web: www.internationalperson.com
* MSN: intlperson@hotmail.com
* Skype: InterNationalPerson.com]]></description>
</item><item>
<title><![CDATA[英语散文：彼岸无尽头，知足才常乐]]></title>
<link>http://internationalperson.com/space/u/vickeychoi/1631.html</link>
<author>vickeychoi</author>
<pubDate>2008-12-7 19:02:00</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[#isubb#"There" is no better than "Here"
　　Many people believe that they will be happy once they arrive at some specific goal they set for themselves. However, more often than not, once you arrive " there" you will still feel dissatisfied, and move your " there" vision to yet another point in the future. By always chasing after another "there," you are never really appreciating what you already have right "here." It is important for human beings to keep soberminded about the age-old drive to look beyond the place where you now stand. On one hand, your life is enhanced by your dreams and aspirations. On the other hand, these drives can pull you farther and farther from your enjoyment of your life right now. By learning the lessons of gratitude and abundance, you can bring yourself closer to fulfilling the challenge of living in the present.
　　Gratitude To be grateful means you are thankful for and appreciative of what you have and where you are on your path right now. Gratitude fills your heart with the joyful feeling and allows you to fully appreciate everything that arises on your path. As you strive to keep your focus on the present moment, you can experience the full wonder of "here."
　　There are many ways to cultivate gratitude. Here are just a few suggestions you may wish to try:
　　1. Imagine what your life would be like if you lost all that you had. This will most surely remind you of how much you do appreciate it.
　　2. Make a list each day of all that you are grateful for, so that you can stay conscious daily of your blessings. Do this especially when you are feeling as though you have nothing to feel grateful for. Or spend a few minutes before you go to sleep giving thanks for all that you have.
　　3. Spend time offering assistance to those who are less fortunate than you, so that you may gain perspective.
　　However you choose to learn gratitude is irrelevant. What really matters is that you create a space in your consciousness for appreciation for all that you have right now, so that you may live more joyously in your present moment.
　　Abundance One of the most common human fears is scarcity. Many people are afraid of not having enough of what they need or want, and so they are always striving to get to a point when they would finally have enough.
　　Alan and Linda always dreamed of living "the good life." Both from poor working-class families, they married young and set out to fulfill their mutual goal of becoming wealthy. They both worked very hard for years, amassing a small fortune, so they could move from their two-bedroom home to a palatial seven-bedroom home in the most upscale neighborhood. They focused their energies on accumulating all the things they believed signified abundance: membership in the local exclusive country club, luxury cars, designer clothing, and high-class society friends. No matter how much they accumulated, however, it never seemed to be enough. They were unable to erase the deep fear of scarcity both had acquired in childhood. They needed to learn the lesson of abundance. Then the stock market crashed in 1987, and Alan and Linda lost a considerable amount of money. A bizarre but costly lawsuit depleted another huge portion of their savings. One thing led to another, and they found themselves in a financial disaster. Assets needed to be sold, and eventually they lost the country club membership, the cars, and the house. It took several years and much hard work for Alan and Linda to land on their feet, and though they now live a life far from extravagant, they have taken stock of their lives and feel quite blessed. Only now, as they assess what they have left -- a solid, loving marriage, their health, a dependable income, and good friends -- do they realize that true abundance comes not from amassing, but rather from appreciating.
　　Scarcity consciousness arises as a result of the "hole-in-the-soul syndrome." This is when we attempt to fill the gaps in our inner lives with things from the outside world. But like puzzle pieces, you can't fit something in where it does not naturally belong. No amount of external objects, affection, love, or attention can ever fill an inner void. We already have enough, so we should revel in our own interior abundance.
　　彼岸无尽头，知足才常乐
　　许多人都相信，一旦他们达到了自己所设定的某个特定目标，他们就会开心、快乐。然而事实往往是，当你到达彼岸时，你还是不知足、不满意，而且又有了新的彼岸--新的幻想和憧憬。由于你总是疲于追逐一个又一个的彼岸，你从未真正欣赏、珍惜你已经拥有的一切。不安于现状的欲望人皆有之，由来已久，但重要的是要对它保持清醒的头脑。一方面，你的生活因为梦想和渴望而更加精彩。另一方面，这些欲望又使你越来越不懂得珍惜和享受现在拥有的生活。假如你能懂得感恩，学会知足，你就接近实现生活在现实中提出的要求。
　　感恩之心感恩是指你感激、珍惜自己当前所拥有的一切以及所处的人生境遇。心存感恩，你的心灵就充满愉悦，你就能真正领会人生路上的种种体验。如果你努力把眼光锁定在此时此刻，你就能感受它的美妙之处。
　　感恩之心需要经常加强。许多方法可以培育感恩之心，你不妨试试以下几种：
　　1．设想如果你失去了你现在所拥有的一切，你的生活将会怎么样。它肯定会使你回想起原来你是多么喜欢和珍视这一切。
　　2．每天都列出那些值得你感激的事物，那样你就能时时刻刻意识到自己的幸运。每天都要这么做，尤其是当你觉得好像没有什么可感激的时候。另外你也可以每天临睡前花几分钟感恩自己所拥有的一切。
　　3．花时间帮助那些没有你那么幸运的人，这样你也许会对生活有正确的认识。
　　其实，你选择何种方法去学会感恩，这无关紧要，真正重要的是你应该有意识地努力去欣赏和珍视你现在所拥有的一切，这样你就可以更快乐地享受你目前的生活。
知足常乐贫穷是人类最普遍的恐惧之一。许多人担心自己的所需所求不够，所以他们总是孜孜以求有朝一日能心满意足，别无他求。
　　艾伦和琳达都来自贫苦的工人家庭，都一直梦想着过上"好日子"。他们早早地成了家，然后就开始为他们共同的致富目标奋斗。他们拼命工作了好几年，终于积攒了一笔钱，从两居室搬到了一套坐落在最高档街区的富丽堂皇的七居室大房子。此后，他们费尽心思去积聚那些他们认为是代表富足的东西：当地惟一的一家乡村俱乐部的会员资格、豪华汽车、名牌服装，以及上流社会的朋友。但是，不论他们积聚了多少，似乎永远难以满足。他们俩谁都无法消除小时侯对贫穷的刻骨铭心的恐惧。其实，他们就需要学会知足常乐这一课。1987年，股市遭受重创，艾伦和琳达损失惨重。祸不单行，一场莫名其妙的昂贵的官司又耗尽了他们的一大笔积蓄，这一切使他们陷入了经济困境。他们不得不变卖家产，最后他们丢掉了乡村俱乐部的会员资格，失去了汽车和房子。艾伦和琳达努力奋斗了好几年才从困境中走出来。现在他们的生活毫不奢华，但是他们是自己生活的主宰，幸福而又知足。只有在这时，他们才掂量着那些尚未失去的东西，如稳固相爱的婚姻、健康的身体、可靠的收入、真正的朋友等等，他们终于认识到，真正的富足不是来自财富的积聚，而是来自对所拥有的一切的珍视。
　　贫穷感可以归因于"精神空虚综合症"，即我们试图用身外之物来填补内心的空缺。但是，就像拼图游戏一样，你不能把本来不属于那个地方的东西硬塞进去。任何身外之物、情感、关爱和关注都无法填补内心的空虚。我们拥有的已经足够，因此我们应该满足于内心世界的丰富与充实。　　

]]></description>
</item><item>
<title><![CDATA[There" is no better than "Here"彼岸无尽头，知足才常乐]]></title>
<link>http://internationalperson.com/space/u/vickeychoi/1630.html</link>
<author>vickeychoi</author>
<pubDate>2008-12-7 16:57:00</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[#isubb#"There" is no better than "Here" 
　　Many people believe that they will be happy once they arrive at some specific goal they set for themselves. However, more often than not, once you arrive " there" you will still feel dissatisfied, and move your " there" vision to yet another point in the future. By always chasing after another "there," you are never really appreciating what you already have right "here." It is important for human beings to keep soberminded about the age-old drive to look beyond the place where you now stand. On one hand, your life is enhanced by your dreams and aspirations. On the other hand, these drives can pull you farther and farther from your enjoyment of your life right now. By learning the lessons of gratitude and abundance, you can bring yourself closer to fulfilling the challenge of living in the present.

　　Gratitude To be grateful means you are thankful for and appreciative of what you have and where you are on your path right now. Gratitude fills your heart with the joyful feeling and allows you to fully appreciate everything that arises on your path. As you strive to keep your focus on the present moment, you can experience the full wonder of "here."

　　There are many ways to cultivate gratitude. Here are just a few suggestions you may wish to try:

　　1. Imagine what your life would be like if you lost all that you had. This will most surely remind you of how much you do appreciate it.

　　2. Make a list each day of all that you are grateful for, so that you can stay conscious daily of your blessings. Do this especially when you are feeling as though you have nothing to feel grateful for. Or spend a few minutes before you go to sleep giving thanks for all that you have.

　　3. Spend time offering assistance to those who are less fortunate than you, so that you may gain perspective.

　　However you choose to learn gratitude is irrelevant. What really matters is that you create a space in your consciousness for appreciation for all that you have right now, so that you may live more joyously in your present moment.

　　Abundance One of the most common human fears is scarcity. Many people are afraid of not having enough of what they need or want, and so they are always striving to get to a point when they would finally have enough.

　　Alan and Linda always dreamed of living "the good life." Both from poor working-class families, they married young and set out to fulfill their mutual goal of becoming wealthy. They both worked very hard for years, amassing a small fortune, so they could move from their two-bedroom home to a palatial seven-bedroom home in the most upscale neighborhood. They focused their energies on accumulating all the things they believed signified abundance: membership in the local exclusive country club, luxury cars, designer clothing, and high-class society friends. No matter how much they accumulated, however, it never seemed to be enough. They were unable to erase the deep fear of scarcity both had acquired in childhood. They needed to learn the lesson of abundance. Then the stock market crashed in 1987, and Alan and Linda lost a considerable amount of money. A bizarre but costly lawsuit depleted another huge portion of their savings. One thing led to another, and they found themselves in a financial disaster. Assets needed to be sold, and eventually they lost the country club membership, the cars, and the house. It took several years and much hard work for Alan and Linda to land on their feet, and though they now live a life far from extravagant, they have taken stock of their lives and feel quite blessed. Only now, as they assess what they have left -- a solid, loving marriage, their health, a dependable income, and good friends -- do they realize that true abundance comes not from amassing, but rather from appreciating.

　　Scarcity consciousness arises as a result of the "hole-in-the-soul syndrome." This is when we attempt to fill the gaps in our inner lives with things from the outside world. But like puzzle pieces, you can't fit something in where it does not naturally belong. No amount of external objects, affection, love, or attention can ever fill an inner void. We already have enough, so we should revel in our own interior abundance.

　　彼岸无尽头，知足才常乐

　　许多人都相信，一旦他们达到了自己所设定的某个特定目标，他们就会开心、快乐。然而事实往往是，当你到达彼岸时，你还是不知足、不满意，而且又有了新的彼岸--新的幻想和憧憬。由于你总是疲于追逐一个又一个的彼岸，你从未真正欣赏、珍惜你已经拥有的一切。不安于现状的欲望人皆有之，由来已久，但重要的是要对它保持清醒的头脑。一方面，你的生活因为梦想和渴望而更加精彩。另一方面，这些欲望又使你越来越不懂得珍惜和享受现在拥有的生活。假如你能懂得感恩，学会知足，你就接近实现生活在现实中提出的要求。

　　感恩之心感恩是指你感激、珍惜自己当前所拥有的一切以及所处的人生境遇。心存感恩，你的心灵就充满愉悦，你就能真正领会人生路上的种种体验。如果你努力把眼光锁定在此时此刻，你就能感受它的美妙之处。


http://www.en-square.com/kxyd/mwsx/200809/24-310.html
]]></description>
</item>
</channel>
</rss>
